Trifluoromethyl group
The trifluoromethyl group is a functional group that has the formula -CF3. The naming of is group is derived from the methyl group (which has the formula -CH3), by replacing each hydrogen atom by a fluorine atom. Some common examples are trifluoromethane H–CF
3, 1,1,1-trifluoroethane H
3C–CF
3, and hexafluoroacetone F
3C–CO–CF
3. Compounds with this group are a subclass of the organofluorines.
Properties
[edit]The trifluoromethyl group has a significant electronegativity that is often described as being intermediate between the electronegativities of fluorine and chlorine.[1] For this reason, trifluoromethyl-substituted compounds are often strong acids, such as trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and trifluoroacetic acid. Conversely, the trifluoromethyl group lowers the basicity of compounds like trifluoroethanol.
Uses
[edit]The trifluoromethyl group occurs in certain pharmaceuticals, drugs, and abiotically synthesized natural fluorocarbon based compounds. The medicinal use of the trifloromethyl group dates from 1928, although research became more intense in the mid-1940s.[2] The trifluoromethyl group is often used as a bioisostere to create derivatives by replacing a chloride or a methyl group. This can be used to adjust the steric and electronic properties of a lead compound, or to protect a reactive methyl group from metabolic oxidation. Some notable drugs containing trifluoromethyl groups include efavirenz (Sustiva), an HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor; fluoxetine (Prozac), an antidepressant; and celecoxib (Celebrex), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
Sulfoxaflor is used as a systemic insecticide. Trifluralin, as with several dinitritroaniline herbicides, is a trifluoromethyl herbicide. Fluazifop is another, a phenoxy herbicide.
The trifluoromethyl group can also be added to change the solubility of molecules containing other groups of interest.
Synthesis
[edit]Various methods exist to introduce this functionality. Carboxylic acids can be converted to trifluoromethyl groups by treatment with sulfur tetrafluoride and trihalomethyl compounds, particularly trifluoromethyl ethers and trifluoromethyl aromatics, are converted into trifluoromethyl compounds by treatment with antimony trifluoride/antimony pentachloride (the Swarts reaction). Another route to trifluoromethyl aromatics is the reaction of aryl iodides with trifluoromethyl copper. Finally, trifluoromethyl carbonyls can be prepared by reaction of aldehydes and esters with Ruppert's reagent.[3]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Jan E. True; T. Darrah Thomas; Rolf W. Winter; Gary L. Gard (2003). "Electronegativities from Core-Ionization Energies: Electronegativities of SF5 and CF3". Inorganic Chemistry. 42 (14): 4437–4441. doi:10.1021/ic0343298. PMID 12844318.
- ^ Yale, Harry L. (1959). "The Trifluoromethyl Group in Medicinal Chemistry". Journal of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. 1 (2): 121–133. doi:10.1021/jm50003a001. PMID 13665284.
- ^ G.A. Olah; R.D. Chambers; G.K.S. Prakash, eds. (1992). Synthetic fluorine chemistry. John Wiley. ISBN 0-471-54370-5.